焊接的分类：

⑴ 熔化焊接（Fusion welding） 如：手工电弧焊（SMAW：Shielded metal arc welding）埋弧焊（SAW：Submerged arc welding）钨极惰性气体保护电弧焊（TIG：Tungsten Inert-Gas arc welding）熔化极惰性气体保护电弧焊（MIG：metal Inert-gas arc welding）⑵ 压力焊接（Pressure welding） 如：冷压焊（Cold welding）**焊（Friction welding）扩散焊（Diffusion welding）**焊（Explosive welding）⑶ 钎焊（Soldering(软钎焊)/Brazing（硬钎焊）） 如：电阻钎焊（resistance brazing）火焰钎焊（torch brazing/ soldering）其它常用焊接： 热压焊：hot pressure welding 电渣焊：electroslag welding 电子束焊：electron beam welding 电阻焊：resistance welding 点焊: Spot weld注释：除非有特殊工作的可能要多了解其它的，一般焊接的基本英语知识**这些就可以了，多了反而不好记忆。

焊缝接头（Welded joint）

1、常用焊接接头：对接接头(Butt joint); 搭接接头（Lap joint）；角接接头（Filit weld）;T型接头（T-joint/Tee joint）；最常用的是:对接接头（Butt joint is the most used one）2、 对接接头：两焊件端面相对平行的接头（The joint whose welding suefaces of both welding parts are parallel is called butt joint.）2.1 不开坡口的对接接头（Butt joint without groove）2.1.1 薄钢板的焊接（Weiling of thin steel sheets）如果产品在厚度方向上不要求全焊透，可进行单面焊接，应必须保证焊缝的计算厚度H≥0.7δ，δ为板厚。如果要求产品在整个厚度上全部焊透，可在焊缝背面用碳弧气刨清跟后再进行焊接，即形成不开坡口的双面焊接对接接头。（If the product doesn’t need full penetration of welding, we can take single-side welding, and must make sure that the caculating thickness is more than or equal to 0.7δ(δis the thickness of steel sheets) , If full penetration of welding needed, we can use carbon arcgouging to back chipping at the back of weld, after which weiding can be taken, than the double-faced welding butt joint without groove is formed.）2.1.2 厚钢板的焊接（Weiling of thick steel sheets）开坡口的对接接头，用于钢板较厚而需要全焊透的焊件。（Butt joint with groove is used for thick welding parts which is needed full penetration of welding）

坡口（Groove）

1. 坡口的几何尺寸(Geometrical dimension of groove)1.1 坡口面（Groove face/surface）焊件的坡口表面叫坡口面（The surface of groove is named groove face）1.2 坡口面的角度和坡口角度（groove face angle and groove angle） 焊件表面的垂直面与坡口之间的夹角叫做坡口面角度（The angle between the vertical surface of the welding part and the groove is called groove face angle. 两个坡口之间的角度叫做坡口角度（The angle between the two groove faces is called groove face）.1.3 **间隙（Root opening/clearance）在焊接前，接头**之间留的预留的空隙叫**间隙，**间隙的作用在焊接打底焊道时，能保障**可以焊透。（The clearance obligated for joint before welding is called root opning , whose function is to keep the root can be full penetration welded when backing weld is welded）.1.4 钝边（Root face）焊件开坡口时，沿焊件方向未开坡口的端面部分叫钝边。 （When groove is made,the face without groove along the weiding part direction is called root face）1.5 **半径（Root radius）在J型、U型坡口底部的半径叫**半径。 （The radius at the bottom of the J-groove or V-groove is called root radius）.1.6 坡口的形式：根据坡口形状的不同，长用的有：I型（不开坡口），V型，X型，U型；（For the different of groove shape, we can classify the groove mainly into I-groove(without groove),v-groove,X-groove,U-groove.）V型坡口是最常用的坡口形式，便于加工，焊接时为单面焊，不用翻转焊件，但焊后容易变形。（V-groove is the most used one.which is easy to machine and no turn is needed, but distortion is easy to form）1.7 坡口的加工 常用**：氧气切割（oxygen cutting），碳弧气刨（carbon arcgouging）， 刨 削（planing）, 车 削（turning）氧气切割：应用最广泛的一种，有手工、办自动、自动三种**。（oxygen cutting：The most used one,Inluding mannul,semi-automatic and automatic op

焊缝（weld）

1. 焊缝的分类：对接焊缝（butt weld）,角焊缝（fillet weld）,塞焊缝（plug weld），端接焊缝（edge weld）2. 焊缝的形状与尺寸：2.1 焊缝尺寸：焊缝的尺寸用一系列几何尺寸来表示： weld dimension:（The dimension of weld is defined by a series of geometrical dimensions.）⑴ 焊缝宽度（weld width）⑵ 余 高（weld reinforcement）⑶ 熔 深（depth of penetration）⑷ 焊缝厚度（weld depth）⑸ 角焊缝的形状和尺寸（The shape an dimension of fillet joint）角焊缝的形状和尺寸的表示参数：① 焊缝计算高度（weld caculating hight）② 焊缝凸度（weld convexity）③ 焊缝凸度（weld concavity）⑹ 焊缝成型系数（The coefficient of weld moulding）

焊接工艺参数对焊缝成型的影响

（The affection of welding procedure parameter to weld formation）焊接工艺参数：焊接时，为保证焊接**而选定的诸物理量（如：焊接电流、电弧电压、焊接速度、线能量等）的总称叫焊接工艺参数。（Welding procedure parameter：The floorboard of all physical terms(as weiding current,arc voltage,welding speed, energy definitions and so on)which are selected to ansure the welding quality when welding is taken is called welding procedure parameter）1、 焊接电流：当其它条件不变时，**焊接电流，则焊缝宽度和厚度都**，而焊缝宽度几乎**不边。其原因是：Welding current:When the other conditions don’t change, if the weld current is added,both the weld depth and weld reinforcement will increase, the weld width almost will not change. The reasons are:⑴ 焊接电流**时，电弧的热量**，因此熔池体积和弧坑深度都随电流**，所以冷却下来后，焊缝厚度就**。 When the welding current is added, the quality of heat of the arc will increase, so both the volume of molten puddle and the depth of arc crater will all increase, and the weld depth will increase when the weld is cooling.⑵ 焊接电流**时，焊丝的熔化量也**，因此焊缝的余高也随之**。When the welding current is added, the fusion quality of welding stick will increase, so the weld reinforcement also will increase.⑵ 焊接电流**时，一方面是电弧截面略有**，导致熔宽**，另一方面是电流****弧坑深度**。由于电压没有改变，所以弧厂也不变，导致电弧潜入熔池，使电弧**范围缩小，就是**容熔宽减小。由于两者的共同作用，实际上熔宽几乎**不变。 When the welding current is added, on the one hand,the section of arc will more or less increase, so the fusion width will increase; on the other hand, the depth of arc crater will increase. For the welding voltage doesn’t change, so the arc length also will not change, and the arc will penetrate into the molten puddle, which will make the swing range **all,so the fusion width will decrease. By the both effection,the fusion width is almost not changed practically.2、 电弧电压：当其它条件不变时，电弧电压增大，焊缝宽度显著**而焊缝和余高将略有**。这是因为电弧电压**意味着电弧的长度**，因此电弧**范围扩大而导致焊缝宽度**。同时，电弧增长后，电弧的热量损失加大，所以用来熔化母材和焊丝的热量**，相对焊缝宽度和余高就略有**。Arc voltage: :When the other conditions don’t change, the arc voltage is added, the weld width will increase notably,but theweld depth and weld reinforcement will decrease **ally.This is beacause that the the addation of arc voltage means the decreasement, so the enlargement of are swing makes the increasement of weld width. Meanwhile, as the growth of arc, the lost of arc heat quality becomes larger, so the heat quality which is used to fuse base metal and weld stick decreases, the weld width and weld reinforcement decreases comparatively.3、 焊接速度（welding speed）焊接速度对焊缝厚度和焊缝宽度有明显的影响，当焊接速度**时，焊缝厚度和宽度都大为下降，这是因为焊接速度**时，焊缝中单位时间内输入的热量**。The welding speed have evident effection on weld depth and weld width, when welding speed is added,both weld depth and weld width will decrease, for the inputed heat per time is limited. 4、 其它因素：① 电极直径和焊丝外伸:electrode diameter and welding stick outside elongation ② 电极（焊丝）倾角：elecrode(stick) obliquity③ 焊件倾角:welding parts obliquity④ 坡口形状:groove shape⑤ 保护气体成分: elements of protective gas⑥ 焊剂: welding flux⑦ 母材的化学成分: elements of basic metaleration.）

焊接电弧（welding arc）

电弧是一种空气导电的现象，在两极间强烈而持久的放电现象称为电弧。Arc is phenomenon of electric conductivity in the atmosphere, the fierce and permanent phenomenon of electricity discharge is called arc.1、引弧法 （arc generation technique）⑴ **短路引弧法（arc generation technique of short circuit contaction）⑵ 高压脉冲引弧法（arc generation technique of high voltage pulse）2、焊接电弧的组成（the constituition of welding arc）⑴ 阳极区（anode area）⑵ 阴极区（cathode area）⑶ 弧柱区（arc pole area

焊接应力与变形

1、内应力：内应力是在没有外力条件下平衡于物体内部的应力。Inner stress：Inner stress is the stress which balances the object interior without exterior stress.2、 变形：物体在某些外界条件下的影响下，发生形状和尺寸的变化。Deformation：The object has changements of shape and dimension under some influences of outside conditions.变形的分类：自由变形（free deformation）; 外观变形（visual deformation）; 内部变形（inner deformation）3、 焊接残余变形（welding residual deformation）的分类⑴ 纵向收缩变形：构件焊后在焊缝方向上发生的收缩。Longitudinal contraction deformation：The component contracts in the weld direction after weiding.⑵ 横向收缩变形：构件焊后在垂直焊缝方向上发生的收缩。Transverse/cross/lateral contraction deformation：The component contracts in the upright direction of weld after weiding.⑶ 弯曲变形：构件焊后朝一侧弯曲的变形。Bending deformation：The component bends in one side after welding. ⑷ 其它：① 角变形：（angular deformation）② 波浪变形：（wave-like deformation）③ 错边变形：（mi**atching deformation）④ 扭曲变形：（deflection deformation）

焊接残余变形的因素（the reasons of welding residual deformation）

1、 焊接位置：如果焊缝在结构布置对称，焊接顺序合理时，则主要产生纵向收缩和横向收缩变形，反之，则要发生弯曲变形。Welding position: If the configuration collocation of weld is symmetry and the welding sequence is reasonable, the longitudinal contraction and transverse lateral contraction deformation are usually produced, incontrast, the bending deformation is usually produced.2、 结构刚性：结构抵抗变形的能力叫刚性。刚性大的结构焊后变形小。结构的刚性取决于结构截面的形状、尺寸和布置，截面积越大，长度越短，刚性越大。Configuration rigidity: The capability of resisting deformation of configuration is called rigidity,.the configuration whose rigidity is large has less deformation. The rigidity of configuration depends on the shape,dimension and collocation of configuration secyion, if the secyion is large and the length is shorter, the rigidity will be larger.3、 装配—焊接顺序：将结构总装后进行焊接，由于结构刚性**，可以**焊后变形。Assembly—welding sequence:The configuration which had been whole assembled can decrease welding deformation for configuration rigidity had been added.4、 坡口长度和形式：焊缝越长，焊接变形越大，坡口内空间越大，变形越大。Groove length and shape: If the weld is longer or the the vacuum of groove is larger, the welding deformation will be larger.5、 焊接线能量：焊接线能量越大，焊接变形越大。Welding energy definition: If the Welding energy definition is larger ,the welding deformation will be larger too.

控制焊接残余变形的措施The measures of control welding residual deformation.1、 设计措施：正确的设计方案是控制变形的根本措施。Design measure: The right design scheme is the basical measure to control the deformation.⑴ 选用合理的焊缝尺寸：增大焊缝尺寸，变形也会变大；但过小的焊缝尺寸，将**裂纹的承载能力，使接头的冷却速度加快。Choosing the reasonable weld dimension: The defornation will be increased when weld dimension is added;but if the weld dimension is too **all, it will decrease reduce the load ability of weld and quicken the cooling speed of joint.⑵ 尽可能的**焊缝数量：适当选择板壁的厚度，可**焊后变形矫正量。Decrease the weld number as possible: Choosing the right thickness of steel plate can reduce the rectification amount after welding!⑶ 合理安排焊缝位置：Arrange the weld position reasonably:⑷ 预留收缩余量：Remain the contraction in advance.⑸ 留出焊接夹具的位置：Remain the position of welding clamp in advance.控制焊接残余变形的措施The measures of control welding residual deformation.2、 工艺措施（Procedure measure）⑴ 选择合理的装配—焊接顺序Selecting the right assembly—welding sequence.不同的装配—焊接顺序，焊后产生不同的残余变形，一般是先点固，再进行对称焊接。Different assembly—welding sequence may result different risidual deformation,we usually take fixup by spot welding first, then take welding symmetrically.⑵ 选择合理的焊接顺序Selecting the right welding sequence.① 采用对称焊接 Take symmetrical welding.② 焊缝不对称时先焊焊缝少的一侧 When the weld is not symmetrical, we should weld the side which has less weld.③ 选择合理的焊接方向 Selecting the right welding direction.从中间向两端逐步退焊法变形最小，采用逐段跳焊法也可以**变形。Take welding from middle to both ends step by step may have the least deformation, or take welding from one section to another step by step may also reduce the deformation.④ 反变形法 anti-deformation ⑤ 刚性固定法 rigidity fixed method⑥ 选择**的线能量 Selecting the right welding energy definition

焊后残余变形的矫正**

1、 机械矫**：机械矫**是利用机械力的作用来矫正变形，可以用手工锤击或机械压力。Machine rectification: Machine rectification is using machine power to rectify deformation, which can be taken by hand hammering or machine pressure.2、 火焰加热矫**：火焰加热矫**是利用火焰局部加热时产生的塑性变形，使较长的金属在冷却后收缩，以达到矫正的目的。火焰采用氧—乙炔火焰或其它可燃气体火焰，这种**设备简单，操作容易，但难度较大。Flame rectification: Flame rectification is using plasticity rectification of some parts which is caused by heating of flame to make the metal contraction aftercooling, by which the purpose of recitification can achieved. The flame use oxyacetylene or other burnt gases, for this method, the equipment is simple, the operation is easy, but the difficulty is large.