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名词

一、名词的种类

二、名词的数

1. 有些名词单复数同形，如aircraft, goldfish, sheep, Swiss, means, species。

2. 有些名词形式上是单数，但却表示复数意义，如cattle, audience, public, staff。

3. 有些名词的复数形式有特殊的变化，如child → children, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, mouse → mice, medium → media。

4. 复合名词变复数形式有三种情况：

（1）将最后一部分变为复数，如theatre-goers, fire-engines, grown-ups。

（2）将主体名词变为复数，如editors-in-chief, runners-up。

（3）将两部分皆变为复数，这种复合名词中的第一个名词须是man或woman，如men servants, women doctors。

三、名词所有格

1. ‘s所有格：主要用于表示人或较高级动物的名词后，如John’s office。也可用于一些表示无生命的东西的名词后，如yesterday’s newspaper。

注意：’s所有格所修饰的名词的省略：

（1）’s所有格所修饰的名词如之前已出现，则可以省略。如：

This is not my dictionary, but Bill’s.

（2）’s所有格后的名词如指商店、家等地点时，该名词常省略。如：

He went into a stationer’s to buy a ruler.

He had to go to his sister’s for dinner.

（3）有些教堂、宫殿、医院、学院等名称前有’s所有格时，该名称可省略。如：

St. Paul’s = St. Paul’s Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂

Guy’s = Guy’s Hospital 盖伊医院

2. of所有格：

（1）用于无生命的东西，如the title of the book, the door of the house。

（2）用于名词化的词，如the livelihood of the poor。

（3）用于修饰语较多时，如the very long and graceful tail of the old black cat。

（4）用于代词或数词后，如some of the books, five of the top financial experts。

3. 双重所有格：由“of +名词的’s所有格”或“of +名词性物主代词”构成，如a friend of Mark’s, that lovely dog of hers。

四、名词的功用

名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、主语补足语、宾语补足语、定语、同位语、状语等。

高考链接

用括号内单词的正确形式填空。

1. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ________ (cause).

2. This switch has decreased ________ (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.

3. I’m a ________ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.

4. Making Chinese ________ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.

Key: 1. causes 2. pollution 3. scientist 4. dishes

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冠词

一、不定冠词a(n)

1. 主要用在可数名词单数前，表示：

（1）“一个”（意思接近one）。如：

He is an Englishman, with an Irish wife.

（2）“某一个”（= a certain, 仍可译为“一个”）。如：

We arrived in England on a cold wet Sunday in 1963.

（3）某类人或物。如：

Ben doesn’t seem to be a particularly able person.

2. 用在抽象名词或物质名词前，表示“一种，一类”等。如：

What a shame he couldn’t be there to receive the prize!

Most plants won’t grow in a soil that contains too much sand.

3. 用在序数词前，表示序数词并无与其他事物一一排比的含义。如：

Can you give me a second chance?

4. 用在专有名词前，表示“一位，一个，某位，某个”或“……式的人”。如：

There’s a Mr. Alex Murray asking to see you.

Already he is being described as a young Albert Einstein.

5. 用在某些固定短语中，如all of a sudden, as a matter of fact, as a result, for a while, at a disadvantage。

二、定冠词the

1. 用于特指一定的人或事物或上下文提到的人或事物。

2. 用在表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前。

3. 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前以及表示江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛等的名词前。

4. 用在序数词前、形容词**级前或用于特指“两者中较……的一个”。

5. 用在表示姓氏的复数名词前，指全家人或全家人中的一些人，如夫妇俩。

6. 用在表示年代、朝代、时代的名词前。

7. 用在某些固定短语中，如to tell the truth, by the way, on the contrary, in the middle of。

三、零冠词（不用冠词）

1. 名词前有this, that, these, those, some, no或形容词性物主代词时用零冠词。

2. 用在表示季节、月份、星期、节日、一日三餐的名词前，以及表示体育运动项目、学科、运输或通讯**等的名词前。

3. 用在专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词和表示人名、地名等的名词前。

4. 用在作表语、同位语等的表示身份或职务的名词前。

5. 用在某些固定短语中，如catch fire, lose face, at home, by heart, in place of, make use of。

高考链接

用适当的冠词填空。

1. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ________ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.

2. Unexpectedly, I’m face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ________ top of her lungs.

3. As ________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.

4. This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over ________ top.

Key: 1. the 2. the 3. a 4. the

名词、冠词专项练习

I. 用括号内单词的正确形式填空。

1. If a houseplant is given too much water, its lower ________ (leaf ) turn yellow.

2. I caught several ________ (fish) in the lake yesterday.

3. On our trip in the mountainous countryside, we saw some ________ (wolf ), ________ (fox), ________ (deer) and wild ________ (sheep).

4. The music building at the university has 27 ________ (piano). Students need to sign up for practice times.

5. Thunder and lightning are ________ (phenomenon) of nature.

6. People get most of their news about the world through the mass ________ (medium) that is, through radio, television, the Internet, newspapers, and magazines.

II. 用适当的冠词（a, an, the或不填）完成下面短文。

Sometimes, names can be confusing in 1. ________ different languages. Much to 2. ________ confusion of many English learners, Europa is not 3. ________ name of 4. ________ continent, but rather 5. ________ moon which orbits Jupiter (木星). And although many people have never heard of it, it is 6. ________ especially important moon. Scientists have discovered that 7. ________ surface is entirely covered with 8. ________ ice, but researchers hope that beneath 9. ________ frozen layer lies an ocean. Nobody knows if the center of the moon is frozen solid or if it is 10. ________ liquid water.

If some vast, undiscovered ocean does exist, it would be 11. ________ cold and harsh environment. However, some scientists believe that life might exist there just like it does at 12. ________ bottom of Earth’s oceans. Some say that the only way to find out is to send a probe (探测器) to drill down into the ice and see what’s there. Such 13. ________ mission would be 14. ________ expensive project indeed.

责编 | 杨宁

审稿 | 李栋

校稿 | 吕放

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