用益权(usufructuary right)是对他人所有之物享有的使用和收益的权利。源于罗马法,后为大陆法系民法所承受。按法国和德国民法典的规定,用益权依法律规定或当事人的意思设定。权利一经设定,财产的占有,使用和收益权即移转于用益权人。对消耗物,用益权人(usufructuarius)即为物之所有人,有权进行处分,对非消耗物,用益权人在维持其原来经济用途的前提下,有权按通常的经营方式或与所有人商定的方式处理。
用益权是一种附条件和附期限的物权,它由于下列原因而告消灭:
(1)用益权人死亡。
(2)用益权人遭受人格减等。
(3)期限届满。
(4)通过拟诉弃权的方式退还。
(5)权利混同
(6)用益物毁灭。
(7)放弃或在一定期限内不行使权利。
关于准用益权(quasi-ususfructus):
用益权的对象一般是非消耗物。罗马法承认在某些特殊的情况下也可以针对可消耗物(如,粮食、水果、钱款等物),设立用益权,这被称为准用益权。准用益权的一项重要规则是:用益权一旦设立,用益权人将获得用益物的所有权,但他有义务按照有关约定或者在该权利消灭时返还等量的同质物。
参考双语例句:
In general, despite the Government’s effort to increase domestic food production through the land delivery process initiated in 2009 as well as the programme for urban and suburban agriculture (which will assign more than 1.5 million unproductive hectares to farmers as usufructuaries), the difficulty in procuring farming tools, supplies and other inputs is constraining the use of land to its full capacity.
一般而言,政府努力提高国内粮食生产,2009 年开始土地交付进程,开展城 市和城郊农业方案(将以用益权形式 分配 150 多万公顷非生产性土地给农民),但 是采购农具、物资和其他投入的困难制约着土地的充分利用。
In the Selbu case concerning usufruct rights to an area used for reindeer herding, the Norwegian Supreme Court held that the criteria for determining what land use gave rise to usufruct rights must take into account that reindeer roam large areas in search of pasture and that grazing might vary from year to year.
在“Selbu”案中,涉 及驯鹿放牧人对一块土地的用益权; 挪 威最高法院认为,确定何种土地 使 用权生 成用益权的标 准,必须考虑到驯鹿在大片地区漫游,找寻牧场,放牧地点可能每 年不同。
Real Laws is an important means of private protection, and can effectively protect the national natural resources on sides of proprietorship and usufructuary right.
物权法即是重要的私法保护手段之一。物权法可从所有权、用益物权等方面对国家环境资源进行有效的保护。
The doctrine of numerus is the most important doctrine of the traditional rights over things, it mainly means the kind and content of the real right are stipulated directly by the law.
尤其是作为地役权的制度价值,在物权法定主义原则下,能否为当事人自由创设用益物权预留空间的抽象意义上的理论研究则明显不够。
来源:译问
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